Marylyn Addo

Keywords vaccine immunogenicity vaccine efficacy helminths immunomodulation Overview: helminths and clinical studies Helminth infections afflict more than a quarter of the world’s population and are a major public health concern [1]. Particularly for those living in low- and middle-income countries, helminths cause severe health damage and socioeconomic losses [2]. They are ancient and ubiquitous companions/foes of vertebrate animals and humans.

1 Introduction Vaccination represents one of the most impactful public health achievements, substantially reducing morbidity and mortality of infectious diseases worldwide [1]. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that vaccines prevent 3.5 to 5 million deaths annually, and an estimated 154 million deaths were prevented through the essential program of immunization (EPI) since 1974 [2, 3].

BACKGROUND: Vulnerability to infectious diseases in refugees is dependent on country of origin, flight routes, and conditions. Information on specific medical needs of different groups of refugees is lacking. We assessed the prevalence of infectious diseases, immunity to vaccine-preventable diseases, and chronic medical conditions in children, adolescents, and adult refugees from Ukraine who arrived in Germany in 2022.