Mehdia Fraj

1. Introduction Invasive Alien Plants (IAPs) are non-native species that establish, proliferate, and cause ecological, economic, or social harm in their new conquered environments. In agro-ecosystems, IAPs pose serious threats by competing with crops for nutrients, altering habitat quality, and disrupting ecosystem services such as pollination and soil fertility. Effective survey and monitoring frameworks are thus essential to prevent their establishment and mitigate their spread.