Mijke Buitinga

Keywords daylight artificial light glucose control circadian clocks type 2 diabetes melatonin multi-omics skeletal muscle Introduction The circadian time-keeping system allows light-sensitive organisms, from bacteria to humans, to anticipate changes in their environment.1 In mammals, circadian control of physiology and behavior is driven by a central pacemaker, located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus.

Abstract NADH and NAD+ act as electron donors and acceptors and NAD+ was shown to stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and metabolic health. We here develop a non-invasive Phosphorous Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (31P-MRS) method to quantify these metabolites in human skeletal muscle on a clinical 3 T MRI scanner. This new MR-sequence enables NADH and NAD+ quantification by suppressing α-ATP signal, normally overlapping with NADH and NAD+.

What is already known? Noninvasive techniques are widely used for quantification of ectopic fat stores, and methods based on magnetic resonance (magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy) are considered the noninvasive gold standard. What does this review add? This paper reviews the advantages and disadvantages of various methods and discusses important methodological issues, such as methodological choices, anatomical locations, and how to report outcomes.