MRC-Protein Phosphorylation

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive disease with the worst 5-year survival rate of all breast cancer subtypes (1). TNBC is characterized by the lack of expression of the estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). TNBC often recurs on standard of care chemotherapy, and targeted therapy options are limited to PARP inhibitors and immunotherapy, which show efficacy in only subsets of patients (2, 3).

INTRODUCTION Faced with the remarkable complexity of cellular signaling networks, the human brain naturally turns to a reductionist approach that seeks to characterize smaller units, commonly known as signaling pathways, and their individual components. This approach has proven essential for understanding the pleiotropic physiological processes attributed to PI3K signaling as well as the consequences of disease-causing aberrations in individual pathway components.