Najeeb Qadi

You are already at the latest version Genome-wide association studies have identified more than 200 common-risk loci for multiple sclerosis (MS), but common variants do not fully explain familial aggregation. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) has therefore been applied to multiplex families and clinical cohorts to identify rare protein-altering variants. We systematically searched five databases from inception to 10 August 2026, supplemented by citation searching.

Introduction Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease that affects different areas in the central nervous system (CNS).1 It is recognized to be an inflammatory demyelinating disease (IDD). Historically, NMO was believed to affect primarily the optic pathways and the spine either in isolation or simultaneously, as described by Devic and colleagues in 1894.2 NMO was long considered a clinical variant of multiple sclerosis (MS).