Nayden Chakarov

Keywords epigenome individualized niche phenotype−environment match niche processes transgenerational effects evolution Individualization and epigenetics Considering individual phenotypic differences within and between populations enhances our understanding of ecological and evolutionary phenomena [1–3]. Differences in individual needs also shape how phenotypes respond to environmental changes [4].

1 Introduction Vectors play a pivotal role in the transmission dynamics of diseases globally (Smith et al. 2009; Kilpatrick and Randolph 2012). The biology, behavior, and ecology of vectors directly influence how effectively pathogens and symbionts are spread between hosts. Factors such as biting frequency, host preference, and lifespan significantly affect transmission rates (Kelly 2001; Rock et al. 2015; Gutiérrez-López et al. 2019).

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