Nicholas Pavlidis

Introduction The incidence of multiple primary cancers (MPC) has shown an upward trend in the general population (1), accounting for approximately 1-16% of all cancer cases (2, 3). The etiology of MPC was found to be multifactorial, involving factors, such as genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and lifestyle choices. The presence of MPC complicates the diagnostic process, treatment plan formulation, and prognosis assessment, and no unified standard was established.

Introduction During the last three decades, substantial progress has been made in the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of malignancies. Advances in early detection and effective treatment have significantly improved overall survival in patients with malignant tumors, such as proteomics used in ovarian cancer (1). The five-year survival rate for all cancers is nearly 40.5% in China and 68% the United States (2, 3).