Noreddine Ghaffour

Abstract Full-scale application of membrane distillation (MD) requires effective pretreatment strategies to control biofilms, a persistent challenge of desalination systems. This study explores the impact of “shock” chlorination on the direct contact MD (DCMD) using Red Sea water under conditions similar to reverse osmosis plants. The DCMD performance at different feedwater temperatures was evaluated, and biofilm architecture and composition were linked to key performance indicators.

Abstract Downward solar evaporation with multistage configurations is a promising off-grid solution for high-efficiency potable water production. However, a major, yet often overlooked, barrier to practical application is the significant, unquantified performance gap between laboratory benchmarks and field operation, arising from the complex environmental factors.

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