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Articles by Pan Lu
Thinking Inertia: LLMs Keep Thinking When Told Not To
Abstract Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly ship with explicit "thinking modes", yet their counterpart, "no-thinking", has received far less attention. We study LLMs' no-thinking behavior along two axes. a. How to measure no-thinking? Prior work typically defines no-thinking through proxies such as a disabled thinking mode or the absence of long traces.
The association between the ZJU index and short-term prognosis in patients with acute ischemic stroke: a cohort study
Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the ZJU index—a composite metabolic indicator integrating fasting plasma glucose, body mass index, ALT/AST ratio, and triglycerides—as a predictor of short-term functional outcomes in patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke (AIS) Given the lack of research on this association, the study sought to provide a novel prognostic tool and enhance understanding of metabolic factors in stroke recovery.
Decision-support systems in container terminal automation: a systematic review of digital twin-expert system integration
ABSTRACT Container terminals increasingly deploy digital twins (DTs) for automation and real-time operational visibility, yet most DTs lack embedded decision-making capabilities. This study systematically examines how expert systems (ES) can augment DTs with predictive reasoning and adaptive control through a PRISMA-guided review of 75 peer-reviewed studies.
Computer Science > Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
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Clinical Distribution and Antimicrobial Resistance Characteristics of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections in Otorhinolaryngology in Eastern China: A Single-Center Retrospective Study
Back to Journals » Infection and Drug Resistance » Volume 19 Authors Lin K, Liu Y, Lü P, Zhou J Received 24 March 2026 Accepted for publication 23 May 2026 Published 28 May 2026 Volume 2026:19 611494 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S611494 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 2 Editor who approved publication: Dr Hemant Joshi Kaichun Lin,1 Yining Liu,1 Pan Lü,2 Jian Zhou3 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First...
A novel Ambler class A β-lactamase variant of LAP-3 with an expanded | IDR
Back to Journals » Infection and Drug Resistance » Volume 18 Authors Lin K, Lü P, Liu Y, Zhou J, Zhou J Received 31 July 2025 Accepted for publication 8 October 2025 Published 24 October 2025 Volume 2025:18 Pages 5439—5450 DOI https://doi.org/10.2147/IDR.S551859 Checked for plagiarism Yes Review by Single anonymous peer review Peer reviewer comments 2 Editor who approved publication: Dr Sandip Patil Kaichun Lin,1 Pan Lü,2 Yining Liu,1 Jingqian Zhou,3 Jian Zhou3 1Department of...
Autonomous Vehicles in Rural Areas: A Review of Challenges, Opportunities, and Solutions
1. Introduction Rural areas in the US are home to about 20% of the population (with nearly one-quarter of individuals aged 65 and older) and encompass nearly 68% of the nation’s road network and nearly 50% of traffic facilities, a significant portion dedicated to the transport of agricultural products, goods, and personal travel [1]. However, the geographic isolation, sparse population, and extended travel distances that characterize rural communities often create unique transportation challenges.
ITO Meta-Absorber-Loaded Conformal UHF Monopole Antenna with Wide-Angel RCS Reduction
1. Introduction UHF antennas play a pivotal role in long-distance radio communication applications, facilitating the transmission of signals across vast expanses with low transmission losses and multipath effects compared with the antennas in microwave and millimeter frequencies [1,2,3]. Several UHF antennas [4,5,6,7,8,9] have been designed with the characteristics of wide operating bandwidth, compact antenna structure, etc.
Optimizing generative AI by backpropagating language model feedback - Nature
Abstract Recent breakthroughs in artificial intelligence (AI) are increasingly driven by systems orchestrating multiple large language models (LLMs) and other specialized tools, such as search engines and simulators. So far, these systems are primarily handcrafted by domain experts and tweaked through heuristics rather than being automatically optimized, presenting a substantial challenge to accelerating progress.
Paper page - OctoTools: An Agentic Framework with Extensible Tools for Complex Reasoning
Papers Published on Feb 16 · Submitted by lupantech on Feb 19 Abstract Solving complex reasoning tasks may involve visual understanding, domain knowledge retrieval, numerical calculation, and multi-step reasoning. Existing methods augment large language models (LLMs) with external tools but are restricted to specialized domains, limited tool types, or require additional training data.
Seasonal Variations in Travel Demand Elasticity in Response to Gasoline Price Changes
Seasonal variations in travel demand elasticity provide essential information for formulating efficient transportation regulations and ensuring sustainable urban growth. However, existing studies ignore the temporal dynamics of travel behavior, notably how fuel price sensitivity varies by season in metropolitan settings. This gap constrains policymakers’ capacity to formulate solutions that effectively tackle variable travel patterns and their consequences for congestion and emissions.
Deep Learning for Pavement Condition Evaluation Using Satellite Imagery
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LeetCode - 226. Invert Binary Tree
The concept of inverting, or “flipping,” a binary tree is a compelling illustration of different algorithmic approaches in action. In this technique, the left and right children of every node are swapped, effectively creating a mirror image of the original tree. We’ll explore three distinct methods to achieve this in JavaScript: recursion, iterative stack-based, and iterative queue-based approaches. 1.
Safety and Mobility Evaluation of Cumulative-Anticipative Car-Following Model for Connected Autonomous Vehicles
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
LeetCode - 144. Binary Tree Preorder Traversal
Recursive traversal version Preorder traversal of a binary tree is a fundamental concept in computer science, particularly in the field of data structures and algorithms. This traversal technique involves visiting the root node first, followed by the left subtree, and finally the right subtree. It’s a key tool for tasks like tree serialization, making deep copies of trees, and more. Today, we’ll explore how to implement preorder traversal in JavaScript, focusing on a recursive approach.
LeetCode - 347. Top K Frequent Elements
In the realm of algorithmic challenges, the sliding window maximum problem stands out for its practical relevance in signal processing, stock market analysis, and other areas requiring analysis of maximum values in subsets of sequential data. This blog post delves into an efficient solution utilizing a data structure known as a monotonic queue, illustrated through a JavaScript implementation.
LeetCode - 225. Implement Stack using Queues
var MyStack = function () { this.queue = []; }; /** * @param {number} x * @return {void} */ MyStack.prototype.push = function (x) { this.queue.push(x); // By moving all elements except the last one // from the front to the back of the queue (this.queue.length - 1 times), // it ensures that the last pushed element can be accessed first.
LeetCode - 344. Reverse String
Reversing a String with a Two-Pointer Approach Reversing a string is a common problem in programming. It can be efficiently solved by using a simple two-pointer approach. This method is advantageous because it modifies the string in place without the need for additional memory for a new string. Process Initialize Two Pointers: We start by initializing two pointers, left at the start of the array and right at the end.
LeetCode - 454. 4Sum II
Introduction The Four Sum Count problem is an interesting challenge that involves finding the number of tuples in four integer arrays such that the sum of the tuple is zero. In this post, we’ll explore a solution that efficiently tackles this problem using a HashMap to store intermediate sums. Solution Strategy The approach can be divided into two main steps: Step 1: Summing Pairs of Arrays First, we loop through the first two arrays (nums1 and nums2) and calculate the sum of each possible pair.
LeetCode - 49. Group Anagrams
In this blog post, we will explore a straightforward method for grouping anagrams from a list of strings. This approach is language-agnostic and can be implemented in various programming environments. Core Concept The key idea is to use a map (or dictionary) structure where each key is a sorted version of a word, and the value is a list (or array) of words from the original list that, when sorted, match this key. Process 1.
LeetCode - 702. Search in a Sorted Array of Unknown Size
/** * // This is the ArrayReader's API interface. * // You should not implement it, or speculate about its implementation * function ArrayReader() { * * @param {number} index * @return {number} * this.get = function(index) { * ...
Force-Encoding DNA Nanomachines for Simultaneous and Direct Detection of Multiple Pathogenic Bacteria in Blood
Download Hi-Res ImageDownload to MS-PowerPointCite This:Anal. Chem. 2024, XXXX, XXX Terms & Conditions Most electronic Supporting Information files are available without a subscription to ACS Web Editions. Such files may be downloaded by article for research use (if there is a public use license linked to the relevant article, that license may permit other uses).
Spatial Distribution and Inter-City Transport of PM2.5 Concentrations from Vehicles in the Guanzhong Plain in Winter
All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.
Cumulatively Anticipative Car-Following Model with Enhanced Safety for Autonomous Vehicles in Mixed Driver Environments
5. Conclusions and Future Work This paper developed a new CACF model for AVs, which introduces the dynamic effects of multiple preceding vehicles under the assumption that real-time traffic information can be communicated to the AVs through V2X systems and cumulates these influences into the car following to improve the safety, convenience, and economy of AVs in mixed-driver traffic conditions.
SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models
[Submitted on 20 Jul 2023 ( v1 ), last revised 8 Feb 2024 (this version, v2)] Title:SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models Download a PDF of the paper titled SciBench: Evaluating College-Level Scientific Problem-Solving Abilities of Large Language Models, by Xiaoxuan Wang and Ziniu Hu and Pan Lu and Yanqiao Zhu and Jieyu Zhang and Satyen Subramaniam and Arjun R.
GraphSAGE-Based Multi-Path Reliable Routing Algorithm for Wireless Mesh Networks
Abstract : Wireless mesh networks (WMN) promise to be an effective way to solve the “last mile” access problem on the Internet of Things (IoT) and the key to next-generation wireless networks. The current routing algorithms of WMN are difficult to adapt to complex environments and guarantee the reliable transmission of services. Therefore, this paper proposes a reliable routing algorithm that combines the improved breadth-first search and a graph neural network, namely GraphSAGE.
Sevoflurane Induces a Cyclophilin D-Dependent Decrease of Neural Progenitor Cells Migration
This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Energy Saving Thermal Management of Space Remote Sensor and Validation
Open AccessArticle by Pan Lu 1,2,*, Teng Gao 1,2, Quanwang Chen 3 and Xiaohan Ren 4,* 1 Beijing Institute of Space Mechanics and Electricity, Beijing 100094, China 2 Key Laboratory for Advanced Optical Remote Sensing Technology of Beijing, Beijing 100094, China 3 Shandong Institute for Product Quality Inspection, Jinan 250102, China 4 Institute of Thermal Science and Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250061, China * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Learn to Explain: Multimodal Reasoning via Thought Chains for Science Question Answering
Log In Sign Up When answering a question, humans utilize the information available across different modalities to synthesize a consistent and complete chain of thought (CoT). This process is normally a black box in the case of deep learning models like large-scale language models. Recently, science question benchmarks have been used to diagnose the multi-hop reasoning ability and interpretability of an AI system.
Review of Emerging Technologies and Issues in Rail and Track Inspection for Local Lines in the United States
Downloaded 0 times Technical Papers Abstract Deteriorated track infrastructure can lead to significant consequences, such as derailment incidents, loss of revenue-service hours, reduced train operation speed, and even failure of the business. The Federal Railroad Administration (FRA) requires thorough and timely rail track inspections to keep trains operating safely. Approaches using advanced and emerging technologies have become more accessible and broadened their applications.
Impact of Forest Road Maintenance Policies on Log Transportation Cost, Routing, and Carbon-Emission Trade-Offs: Oregon Case Study
Downloaded 40 times Technical Papers Abstract Wood transportation costs have significant impacts on timber investment returns. To optimize transportation costs, a practical design of the route network is necessary for log trucks that ship wood material from timberlands to wood mills. Road conditions resulting from various road maintenance policies dramatically affect speed limits, log-truck route networks, and transportation costs.
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