Peihao Yin

Abstract Cancer is still a big health problem and a growing issue worldwide. Colorectal cancer (CRC), as a highly prevalent malignancy worldwide, faces critical challenges in overcoming therapy resistance and recurrence. Beyond classical cell death pathways like apoptosis, targeting alternative forms of programmed cell death (PCD) may provide novel strategies to circumvent current therapeutic limitations.

Introduction Differentiated-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (dVIN) is a rare but clinically significant a high-risk precursor of vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC), classified as an HPV-independent form of VIN (1–3). Although it accounts for only 5%–10% of all VIN cases, dVIN carries a much higher risk of malignant transformation compared to HPV-associated usual-type VIN [usual-type vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (uVIN) or high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (HSIL)].

The efficacy of immunotherapy is diminished by the low survival rate of effector CD8 + T cells after they have exerted their antitumor effects. Recent studies indicate that ammonia, generated from glutamine metabolism, accumulates in effector CD8 + T cells and triggers their apoptosis. These findings offer a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of effector T-cell mortality from a metabolic viewpoint, presenting novel opportunities for improving T-cell-mediated anticancer treatments.