Pil Rip Jeon

Due to the fast exploring applications of electric vehicles and fuel cell vehicles, lithium-ion and lithium polymer batteries are widely used in engineering fields [1], [2]. Electrochemical reactions on site of the electrodes are essential for both charge and discharge processes of batteries [3].

Developing an efficient heat-management strategy is an important mission for the implementation of industrial carbon capture plants [1], [2], [3], [4] because the CO2 absorption/desorption equilibrium and kinetics depend on temperature, which significantly affects the overall cost of CO2 removal. For example, the thermal energy required for CO2-capture solvents/sorbents is a significant cost factor, accounting for approximately 70 % of the total operational expenses [5].

Due to the rapid development of electric vehicles and wearable electronics, there is an urgent demand for advanced energy storage devices with high energy and power densities [1], [2], [3]. Hybrid capacitors (HCs), which generally deliver both high power density and energy density as well as long lifetime benefiting from the combination of capacitor-type and battery-type electrodes, have emerged as promising candidates to meet the above requirement [4], [5], [6], [7], [8].