Pramoch Rangsunvigit

Diabetic critical limb ischemia (CLI), a common complication of diabetes that affects over 100 million people globally [1], [2], [3], presents a significant challenge in terms of tissue regeneration and has a poor prognosis due to several pathological changes, including oxidative stress, inflammatory imbalance, diabetic vasculopathy, and neuropathy [4], [5], [6], [7]. However, there is no effective clinical treatment for diabetic CLI.

In recent years, the use of ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) has increased significantly due to advances in the electroplating and electroless plating processes [1]. EDTA readily forms heavy metal complexes (HMCs) when reacting with heavy metal ions such as Cu2+ and Ni2+. Thereinto, Cu-EDTA, as a representative HMC, exhibits pathogenicity and teratogenicity to aquatic organisms once discharged into the water bodies [2].

Food safety concerns have received increasing attention from people with the development of social economy and improvement of people's living standards. The current food packaging only safeguards food from environmental contamination, which cannot provide the information of food quality in real time. Smart packaging is a new packaging system that enables the real-time monitoring of food quality [1], [2], [3].