Pyone P. Aye

Abstract An influenza vaccine approach that overcomes the problem of viral sequence diversity and provides long-lived heterosubtypic protection is urgently needed to protect against pandemic influenza viruses.

Abstract Adjuvants and antigen delivery kinetics can profoundly influence B cell responses and should be critically considered in rational vaccine design, particularly for difficult neutralizing antibody targets such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Antigen kinetics can change depending on the delivery method.

1. Introduction Chronic inflammation and disease progression in HIV infection is attributed to the disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier along with the impairment of the mucosal immune response, leading to microbial translocation and opportunistic infections [1,2,3]. HIV and SIV infections in humans and macaques lead to early and substantial viral dissemination in the gut mucosa, resulting in severe CD4+ T cell depletion, predominantly the Th17 subsets [4].