Qigui Niu

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All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide under an open access license. No special permission is required to reuse all or part of the article published by MDPI, including figures and tables. For articles published under an open access Creative Common CC BY license, any part of the article may be reused without permission provided that the original article is clearly cited. For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess.

Understanding the occurrence of manganese (Mn) in aquatic environments is critical for assessing health-related and aesthetic concerns related to water quality issues. Mn has been proven to be a crucial element that can lead to water discoloration in drinking water distribution systems (Gerke et al., 2016; Li et al., 2019; Li et al., 2022). The notable effects above the secondary MCL of Mn (0.05 mg/L) include a black-to-brown color, black staining, and a bitter metallic taste.