Qinying He

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT The authors declare no competing interests. REFERENCES , , & (2001). The colonial origins of comparative development: An empirical investigation. The American Economic Review, 91(5), 1369–1401. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.91.5.1369 (2006). Is the 1918 influenza pandemic over? Long-Term effects of in utero influenza exposure in the post-1940 U.S. Population. Journal of Political Economy, 114(4), 672–712. https://doi.org/10.1086/507154 , , & (2013).

PLOS ONE, Jul 2023 Farmers’ cooperatives play a critical role in social, economic, and environmental sustainability in terms of poverty reduction, food quality and safety, farm sustainability, and members’ well-being. However, they are generally faced with low or declining member commitment, which restricts their performance and sustainable development.

In developing countries, agricultural cooperatives are increasingly used by farmers as a mechanism to gain market power in input and output markets. To assess the impact of cooperative membership on market channel selection and pricing outcomes, we conducted a survey of 661 Nepali goat farmers in 2019–20 and applied an endogenous switching probit model to analyze the data.