Quirijn de Mast

Abstract A small percentage of people living with HIV (PLHIV) spontaneously regulate viral replication without suppressive antiretroviral treatment (ART) and are categorized into ‘elite controllers’ (EC, HIV-RNA < 50 c/mL) and ‘viremic controllers’ (VC, HIV-RNA between 50-10,000 c/ml). Some EC and VC may lose controller status in time.

What is already known about this subject Kallikrein-kinin system activation has been demonstrated in COVID-19. Multiple kallikrein-kinin system inhibitors have been investigated for the treatment of COVID-19-associated pulmonary oedema. What this study adds This is the first clinical trial in which lanadelumab was used intravenously in patients with an active infection. Lanadelumab had no significant effect on supplemental oxygen requirement or other clinical outcomes in patients with COVID-19.

Climate change directly and indirectly contributes to the emergence of vector and water borne infections. Other infectious diseases may be introduced to new geographical areas as a result of globalisation and changing human behaviour. Despite the still low absolute risk, the pathogenicity of some of these infections creates a significant challenge for clinicians. Awareness of changing disease epidemiology helps in timely recognition of such infections.