Renfang Xu

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is defined as the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance (1). It is one of the most common male sexual disorders, currently affecting approximately 150 million men worldwide, and this number is projected to exceed 300 million by 2025 (2).

Introduction Erectile dysfunction (ED) is one of the most common male sexual disorders, characterized by the persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance (1, 2). It affects men across all age groups, with prevalence increasing significantly with advancing age, and has a profound negative impact on quality of life and psychosocial well-being (3–5).