Richard Guo

Submitted: 26 January 2026 You are already at the latest version Connected Autonomous Vehicles (CAVs) rely on deep neural network–based perception systems to operate safely in complex driving environments. However, these systems remain vulnerable to adversarial perturbations that can induce misclassification without perceptible changes to human observers.

Data is only valuable if it’s accessible. For example, storing photos, audio files, or PDFs without the ability to extract information from them is like keeping junk in your basement, thinking you might need it someday. The problem is finding what you need to dig through your junk when the day comes. Until now, companies have followed a similar approach to unstructured data: store everything in data lakes for future use.