Riswana S. Ansari

Organic solar cells (OSCs), as a promising solar energy conversion technology, have attracted widespread attention because of their advantages such as light weight, low cost, and mechanical flexibility [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. In recent years, significant efforts have been devoted to enhancing the performance of OSCs through innovative material designs and device engineering applications.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have been identified as significant air pollutants due to their crucial roles in the formation of ozone and secondary organic aerosols [1], [2]. Among them, styrene, a typical hydrophobic aromatic VOC, contributes largely to the formation potential of secondary organic aerosols [3], [4]. In addition, styrene has a stable benzene ring structure, making it refractory to eliminate and prone to form masses of intermediates [5], [6].