Runchang Li

Keywords CD8+ T cells aging antitumor immunity leptin T cell senescence Introduction Aging is a major risk factor for various cancers, and patients aged 65 years or older represent up to 60% of newly diagnosed cancer patients.

INTRODUCTION With the wide application of chest computed tomography (CT), an increasing number of peripheral pulmonary lesions (PPLs) are being detected.1 The evaluation of PPLs is often challenging. For lesions suspicious for lung cancer, nonsurgical biopsy is recommended.2, 3 Transbronchial sampling is a routinely performed nonsurgical biopsy method. Since it avoids destroying normal pleura and lung tissue, transbronchial sampling is much safer than transthoracic sampling.