Ruoyin Jing

Abstract Reducing the flow resistance of local components in building transmission and distribution systems is a key pathway to building energy conservation. Here we propose a novel low-resistance optimization method applied to U-bend shape design, with the minor axis a, major axis b, and offset c defined as shape features. The sample size is 150, and the parameter ranges are as follows: [50 mm, 150 mm] for a, [50 mm, 150 mm] for b, and [−30 mm, 30 mm] for c.