Sahebe Khosravi

Chromium serves as an important industrial resource, finding application across diverse industrial processes covering metalworking, steel and metal alloy production, paint manufacturing, wood and paper processing, dyeing, and tanning [1]. The environmental presence of chromium is predominantly in the form of Cr(VI) and Cr(III), with Cr(VI) being particularly concerning due to its higher mobility and toxicity, which is approximately 100 times greater than that of Cr(III) [2].

The presence of antibiotics in the environment can increase antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs), posing a severe threat to ecological security and human health [1]. Antibiotics are mainly released into the environment through sewage treatment plants [2]. Gao et al. identified 14 antibiotics in the effluent from sewage treatment plants [3]. Wang et al. identified multiple target antibiotics in effluent from two sewage treatment plants.