Salman Tahir

Abstract The rapid growth of Internet of Things (IoT) deployments has made smart device discovery difficult in heterogeneous environments where devices differ in type, location, operational status, metadata structure, and communication interface. Conventional IoT search approaches often rely on keyword matching, static indexing, or predefined metadata fields, which limit their ability to interpret user intent in Web of Things (WoT) environments.

A 2025 image showing the peepal tree behind the dome of the Takiya Valmikian opposite Bhati Gate in Lahore | Photos courtesy the writers Amid the constant clamour of Circular Road, honking rickshaws, clanging workshops, the smell of frying parathas and engine oil, a tiny pocket of Lahore’s multi-layered, multi-faith past holds its ground. Just opposite Bhati Gate, down a narrow alley squeezed between brick houses and shops, stands a small domed structure almost swallowed by the city.

In the ancient city of Lahore, where the Ravi river whispers secrets to the minarets of the Badshahi Mosque, spring arrives not with a gentle sigh, but with a sudden, jubilant roar. When the winter’s fog finally yields to the sun’s warm gaze, the skies above the walled city awaken. Kites (‘patangs’) burst upward from rooftops, their paper bodies trembling, their tails slicing the blue sky like calligraphy in motion.