Sanmang Wu

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this review article. No financial or personal relationships with individuals or organizations that could potentially bias the content of the article are present. This research was conducted impartially and without influence from any external parties.

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Forecasting crude oil prices has long been a critical task for market participants, policymakers, and researchers due to its profound implications for global economic stability and energy security. The volatility and complexity inherent in crude oil markets present significant challenges for accurate price forecasting. Traditional econometric models, while valuable, often struggle to capture the nonlinear relationships and intricate dynamics present in crude oil price movements.