Seongkyu Yoon

Abstract Controlling the generation of toxic by-products in mammalian bioprocess to maximize therapeutic protein production and glycosylation patterns is a challenge. Intracellular metabolism is often not well-regulated and known to secrete toxic intermediate by-products which hampers cellular performance and negatively impacts critical quality attributes (CQA) of cells.

1 Introduction Mammalian cell cultures, particularly based on Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells, have long been the cornerstone of biomanufacturing, producing various recombinant protein drugs such as monoclonal antibodies and antibody–drug conjugates (Walsh and Walsh 2022). Of various culture strategies, the fed-batch mode has traditionally dominated industrial applications as a well-established standard due to its operational simplicity (Xu et al. 2023).

Introduction Vaccine hesitancy (VH) has been a major contributor to large outbreaks of vaccine-preventable diseases globally, including in the United States [1], [2], [3], [4]. According to the WHO, vaccine hesitancy can be described as “the reluctance or refusal to vaccinate despite the availability of vaccines” [5]. Parental VH, in particular, may lead to parents refusing or delaying their children’s recommended vaccines [6], [7], [8], [9].