Soichiro Obara

95% CI 95% confidence interval DEX dexamethasone OND ondansetron POV postoperative vomiting TIVA total intravenous anesthesia 1 Introduction Postoperative vomiting (POV) occurs in approximately 30% of cases, of which up to 80% are in high-risk children [1, 2].

1 Introduction Postoperative vomiting (POV) is a common complication of general anesthesia in children, which results in extreme discomfort and psychological distress for the patients and their family members [1-4]. Moreover, the extension of the time needed in the postoperative recovery room and hospital admission increases medical expenses and the need for human resources [5-7].

1 INTRODUCTION Pediatric anesthesia poses significant challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), where the risks of adverse events and mortality are disproportionately higher than in high-income countries (HICs).1, 2 While pediatric anesthesia-related mortality rates in HICs range from 0.01% to 0.05%, these rates can be up to three times higher in LMICs, highlighting a critical disparity in patient outcomes.1, 2 Adverse events during pediatric anesthesia occur in...