Steven Squires

1 BACKGROUND Age-standardized dementia rates are higher in women compared to men, suggesting that female-specific risk factors may contribute to this disparity.1 In premenopausal women, estrogen plays a critical role in supporting brain function through its effects on synaptic integrity, neurotransmitter metabolism, glucose utilization, blood–brain barrier (BBB) maintenance, cerebrovascular function and neuroinflammation.2, 3 The menopausal transition represents an endocrine inflection point,...

Introduction Type 1 diabetes is a chronic condition that results from autoimmune destruction of the insulin-secreting pancreatic β cells. The condition affects approximately 9 million people worldwide and is the major global cause of childhood-onset diabetes, although it can occur at any age.1 Insights into the clinical manifestations and underlying pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes have been studied extensively.