Sudhindra Jayasimha

Abstract This study aimed to review the current knowledge on priapism in the paediatric and adolescent population through a review of the current literature. Priapism is defined as a prolonged and persistent penile erection lasting over 4 h, unassociated with a sexual stimulus or persisting after ejaculation and orgasm. It has an incidence of 0.3–1.5 per 100,000 per annum in males of all ages, and comprises 3 main types: ischaemic, non-ischaemic and stuttering.

Proximal migration of double J stents after pediatric pyeloplasty is rare. Although retrograde removal of migrated stents is more common, the small calibre of the pediatric ureter may necessitate antegrade retrieval. Many techniques are described for the same in adults however, pediatric literature is sparse. We aim to describe the management of proximally displaced stents after pediatric pyeloplasty.

Extended summary Background Although multiple variables have been shown to affect outcomes in pediatric lithotripsy (ESWL), there is no consensus on the same. Nomograms combine multiple variables and provide an objective prediction of outcomes. Two nomograms have been previously described and validated in two studies from the same geographical area. External validation in multiple settings is needed, as a nomogram’s performance may vary with time, geographical area and clinical scenario.