Sun Huang

1 Introduction Voltage-gated calcium channels serve as the principal conductors of the entry of calcium ions (Ca2+) into a range of electrically excitable cells within the body (Catterall 2023). Elevated intracellular calcium levels have been associated with a broad spectrum of physiological functions including neurotransmitter release, hormone secretion, and muscle contraction (Bkaily and Jacques 2023).

1 INTRODUCTION Voltage-gated calcium channels mediate the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into diverse types of electrically excitable cells in the body.[1] This entry of Ca2+ into muscle, neuronal, and neurosecretory cells has been linked to a wide range of physiological functions, such as muscle contraction, neurotransmitter release, and hormone secretion.[2, 3] Therefore, a vast array of pathophysiological disorders, including hypertension and neurological conditions, can be caused due to...