Suraya Sabrin Soshi

1. Introduction Native bone tissue possesses a nanocomposite structure, mainly composed of non-stoichiometric Hydroxyapatite (HAp; Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and collagen fiber matrix, that provide appropriate physical and biological properties, especially mechanical support and protection from the vertebrate skeleton. However, bone needs to be repaired or regenerated upon damage. In the USA, there are estimated 280,000 hip fractures, 700,000 vertebral and 250,000 wrist fractures each year.

1. Introduction In today’s advanced medical science, history is combined with multidisciplinary sectors such as tissue engineering, biomaterials, molecular biology, regenerative medicine, and so on. Due to the increasing life expectancy of humans as well as modern civilization’s demands for more advancement in medical science, for more than half a decade, polymers have been used in the practice of preparation of biomaterials.

1. Introduction Due to their superior mechanical qualities, lower melting point (183°C), and wetting propensity, the eutectic composition of Sn-Pb solder alloys has gained popularity in recent decades [1] [2]. It is suitable for PCB laminate materials and does not alter the microstructure of the base metal because of its lower melting temperature. Lead toxicity is well known to be hazardous to the environment and public health, and its usage is prohibited [3]-[10].