Tesfaye Abebe Geleta

3.1. Characterization of the Photocatalysts SEM analysis was used to investigate the surface morphology of the synthesized catalysts. Figure 1 A shows the morphologies of the CNM and CNM–Cl. In Figure 1 A(a), the CNM shows a planar layered structure with noticeable material aggregation between layers, with particle sizes ranging from 2 to 8 μm. In Figure 1 A(b–e), the SEM morphology of CNM-Cl reveals reduced aggregation compared to that of the undoped CNM nanosheet.

Environmental pollution and energy crises are major problems in the world that require an urgent solution [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7]. In this context, recycling and reusing waste to obtain new functional materials and devices are crucial for the development of sustainable energy sources and environmental remediation.