CIS carcinoma in situ EAU European Association of Urology HR high risk IQR interquartile range IR intermediate risk NMIBC non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer PFS progression-free survival RC radical cystectomy sHR sub-hazard ratio TURBT transurethral resection of bladder tumour VHR very high risk Bladder cancer is the sixth most common cancer diagnosis in males in the European Union, with >70% of cases attributed to non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC).