Ting-Chia Liu

In many medium- and large-sized direct restorations, the surface area of exposed dentin may exceed that of enamel. To adequately resist the stresses generated by composite polymerization shrinkage and to transfer occlusal and thermal forces throughout the restoration, a durable dentin bond is essential. Dentin bonding is achieved through the formation of both a hybrid layer and resin tags.

1 Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing has become increasingly prevalent in dental practice and laboratory workflows. A 2022 survey of dentists in the United States reported that 17% had a 3D printer in their office, while approximately 62% of dental laboratories had adopted 3D printing by the same year [1, 2].