Valerio Barbarossa

Abstract Climate change is exposing freshwater fish to warmer temperatures, causing widespread range contraction and population declines. However, how climate-driven disruptions will affect freshwater fish persistence under future thermal extremes remains poorly understood. Here, using weekly water temperature data (1976–2099), we assess the vulnerability of 9,809 freshwater species to short- and long-term thermal extremes and show that gradual warming can trigger abrupt thermal exposure.

Calls to ban deep-sea mining aim to protect poorly known ocean ecosystems, but a global modelling study shows that a moratorium could intensify nickel extraction in some of the Earth’s most biodiverse tropical regions.

1 Introduction While mining sites account for less than 1% of the Earth's land surface (Maus et al. 2022), mining activities pose disproportionate threats to biodiversity (Sonter et al. 2020). Many mining sites are located in biodiversity-rich areas, exposing wildlife to habitat loss and degradation while threatening vulnerable ecosystems (Durán et al. 2013; Luckeneder et al. 2021). These threats can extend far beyond mining sites (Sonter et al. 2018; Junker et al.