Vun Wen Jie

Keywords navigation orientation central complex state dependence sun compass electrophysiology insect head direction proprioception neuroscience Results and discussion The neural coding of head direction has been extensively studied across species.1,5,8,9,10,11,12,13 Head-direction signals are known to encode an animal’s current heading in reference to visual cues. These visual cues are integrated with self-motion information to enable the stable encoding of heading.

INTRODUCTION Understanding what determines species' ecological niches is important for providing insights into the mechanisms that drive community assemblies and can help us predict how community composition will respond to environmental changes (Laughlin et al., 2015; Powney et al., 2014; Suding & Goldstein, 2008).

Abstract : Simple Summary Insects can perceive and use polarized light in the sky when navigating by using a special region in their eyes called the dorsal rim area (DRA). The size and characteristics of the DRA can differ among insect species but, until now, there has been no effective method to investigate and compare these differences. We used a combination of 2D photography and X-ray imaging to determine the area of the DRA and demonstrated this method in the buff-tailed bumblebee.