Waswa Edgar

1. Introduction Chronic kidney disease (CKD), particularly in stages 3 to 5 as defined by the kidney disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) guidelines, remains a major global health burden, affecting more than 700 million individuals worldwide [1]. Renal transplantation continues to be the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease (ESRD), providing superior long-term survival and improved quality of life compared with dialysis [2].

1. Introduction Thyroid nodules are distinct lesions found within the thyroid parenchyma [1]. Most thyroid nodules are asymptomatic and are often discovered incidentally through ultrasound imaging, with prevalence rates ranging from 33% to 60% in adults, particularly in Asia and Europe [2] [3]. Other studies suggest that up to 65% of adults may have thyroid nodules detected via high-resolution ultrasound, with prevalence increasing with age and being more common in females than in males [4].