Keywords Single-cell transcriptome Spatial transcriptome Lung cell atlas Multiple lung diseases Lung cancers Evidence before this study Lung diseases, including lung cancer, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, are marked by complex cellular heterogeneity. While single-cell RNA sequencing has provided valuable insights into the cellular diversity of the lung, studies have often been limited to disease-specific datasets and small sample sizes.