Wen-ying Cao

Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Supporting Information References , and . 2005. “Using the KEGG Database Resource.” Current Protocols in Bioinformatics 11, no. 1: 1–12. , and . 2024.

Water scarcity in various parts of regions and nations has become a major concern. This alarming threat is accelerated by increasing population, an expansion of industrialization, land clearance and agriculture activities, as well as urbanization [1]. Over the past few decades, these human activities, mostly carried out without systematic pollution control, have led to irreversible water pollution, causing significant loss of freshwater resources.