by Wendy Patton and Pari Sabety, Ohio Capital Journal April 3, 2026 American communities have always competed for economic advantage. In the 19th century, St. Louis and Chicago competed to attract the transcontinental rail line: Chicago won, and it made a lasting difference. Two centuries later, in an era of global markets, capital consolidation, and accelerating technological change, public investment in economic development has grown, but the return on investment is dubious.