Yinan Lv

1. Introduction Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual dysfunction characterized by a short ejaculation time and a lack of control, causing significant distress for both individuals and their partners. According to the latest international guidelines, PE can be further characterized by Loss of Control on Erection and Ejaculation (LCEE) [1] and Subjective Premature Ejaculation (SPE), which reflect distinct etiological and therapeutic considerations [2–4].

Introduction Overactive bladder (OAB) is a prevalent chronic urological condition characterized by urinary urgency, often accompanied by increased frequency, nocturia, and, in some cases, urgency incontinence. The prevalence of OAB increases significantly with age, affecting approximately 12% of adults (Antunes-Lopes and Cruz, 2019; Chen and Kuo, 2019; Raju and Linder, 2020). Current standard treatments for OAB primarily include pharmacological and behavioural therapies.

Recently, biodiesel has garnered significant attention due to its renewable and environmentally-friendly properties for alleviating the environmental pollution resulting from the combustion and unsustainable utilization of fossil fuels [1], [2]. Biodiesel mainly consists of methyl esters of long-chain fatty acids (FAMEs), which can be obtained through the catalytic esterification of free fatty acid (FFA) or the transesterification of the triacylglycerol (TAGs) with methanol [3], [4].