Yinfei Lu

Introduction Mental disorders are increasingly recognized as one of the leading causes of the global health burden. In 2021, mental disorders accounted for 155 million disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), ranking as the sixth leading cause of DALYs (1). Depression and anxiety, the most common mental disorders, ranked as the first and second leading causes of DALYs among mental disorders in 2021 (1).

1 Introduction DN, a significant chronic complication of diabetes, affects approximately one-third of patients with T2DM.[1] DN is the primary cause of end-stage renal disease in adults and is often characterized by gradual onset and rapid progression.[2] Patients typically exhibit proteinuria or decreased renal function upon diagnosis, indicating irreversible renal damage.[3] However, the absence of reliable early diagnostic biomarkers in clinical practice remains a significant obstacle to...