Yinfeng Dong

Conflicts of Interest Dr. Jinyuan Zhou is co-inventor on a patent for the APT MRI technology. This patent is owned and managed by Johns Hopkins University. All other authors declare no potential conflicts of interest. Data Availability Statement The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. References 1 and , “Traumatic Brain Injury,” Veterinary Pathology 39 (2002): 679–689.

1. Introduction The 2023 Ms6.2 Jishishan earthquake on December 18 caused severe seismic hazards, including large-scale loess liquefaction and subsequent flow slides near the epicentral area [1], [2]. Field investigations reported extensive mudflows and structural damage, revealing a strong coupling between liquefaction, slope instability, and ground deformation in loess-covered regions [3], [4].

1. Introduction For one-dimensional seismic response analysis, the main approaches include the Vibration Input Method (VIM) based on structural dynamics theory [1], the Wave Input Method (WIM) grounded in wave propagation theory [2], and the Finite Element Method (FEM) that uses numerical discretization to solve wave motion equations [3]. Among these, the wave input method (WIM) is particularly effective for analyzing multi-layered soil media and complex seismic wave fields [4].