Yingchen Zhang

Persistent AI agents extend large language models (LLMs) beyond single-turn interaction into long-lived software systems. Unlike traditional chat assistants, unsafe content in these agents can propagate through persistent state, reusable skills, and tool-mediated interactions, creating a substantially larger semantic attack surface.

1. Introduction With the continuous development of the power industry and the demand for clean, low-carbon, and green development, renewable energy represented by hydropower has developed rapidly [1,2,3]. Among them, variable-speed pumped storage units (VSPSUs) based on doubly fed induction motors and pump turbines (PTs) have become a research hotspot in recent years due to their advantages of large capacity, high operating efficiency, and flexible power adjustment [4,5,6].