Yinghao Yu

3. Results 3.1. Number and Regeneration Rate of Protoplasts The age of mycelium plays a significant role in determining the quantity and quality of prepared protoplasts and their subsequent regeneration rates [40]. Therefore, in order to obtain protoplast with high quantity and quality, mycelium cultured for 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 days were utilized for protoplast preparation.

2. Results 2.1. Topical Toxicity of Fluralaner against S. incivta The results of the contact toxicity of fluralaner against S. incivta at different reproductive stages of red fire ants are shown in Table 1. It can be seen that the differences in toxicity between workers and larvae were significant, with the LD50 values of larvae being much higher than those of adults, which was even 202.35 times higher than that of adults.

This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon. Open AccessArticle by Ting Zhang *, Jingjing Zhang , Yinghao Yu , Jinxu Li , Zhifang Zhou and Chunlei Li * School of Petrochemical Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China * Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.