Youngin Cho

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1 Introduction Currently, grid-scale energy storage systems (ESS) are predominantly dominated by lithium-ion batteries that utilize organic solvent-based electrolytes.[1] Despite their superior energy storage performance, lithium-ion batteries still possess inherent drawbacks, including safety concerns, high material costs, and uneven distribution of raw materials.

1. Introduction Nanoporous carbons are a type of carbon material that possess beneficial properties including high surface area, tunable pore sizes, large pore volumes, and diverse structures [1,2]. Due to their high thermal stability, good electric conductivity, and chemical inertness, nanoporous carbons are well-suited for a variety of applications in energy storage, conversion, and catalysis [3,4,5].