Yuta Shimamoto

Abstract Vinca alkaloids, a class of tubulin-binding agent, are widely used in treating cancer, yet the emerging resistance compromises their efficacy. Hepatoma up-regulated protein (HURP), a microtubule-associated protein displaying heightened expression across various cancer types, reduces cancer cells’ sensitivity to vinca-alkaloid drugs upon overexpression. However, the molecular basis behind this drug resistance remains unknown.

Abstract Properly patterned deposition of cell wall polymers is prerequisite for the morphogenesis of plant cells. A cortical microtubule array guides the two-dimensional pattern of cell wall deposition. Yet, the mechanism underlying the three-dimensional patterning of cell wall deposition is poorly understood. In metaxylem vessels, cell wall arches are formed over numerous pit membranes, forming highly organized three-dimensional cell wall structures.

Highlights • Microtubule arrays at the mid half-spindle are compliant and fluid-like • Microtubule arrays near the pole and the equator are robust against force • Spindle length change occurs via filament sliding at the mid half-spindle • Kinesin-5 and dynein are required to achieve the spindle’s mechanical heterogeneity Summary The microtubule-based spindle is subjected to various mechanical forces during cell division.