Zhangxiang Hao

Conflict of Interest The authors declare no conflict of interest. Supporting Information Filename Description smll70386-sup-0001-SuppMat.docx119.1 KB Supporting Information References 1, Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 72, 103689. 2, , , , , , , , , , Energy Storage Mater. 2024, 68, 103364. 3, , , , , , , , , Adv. Energy Mater. 2023, 13, 2203254. 4, , , , , , Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 499. 5, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2023, 62, 202300608. 6, , , , , J. Energy Chem.

Problems such as environmental pollution caused by the overconsumption of fossil fuels have prompted extensive research and the search for new energy storage and conversion devices [1], [2]. Metal-air batteries (MABs) are considered to be a promising new generation of energy storage devices due to their stable discharge voltage, high theoretical energy density and low pollution [3].

Lithium-sulfur batteries are believed as potential next-generation electrochemical devices to satisfy the increasing market demands due to high energy density, low cost and environmental friendliness. However, the practical application of Li-S batteries is still hindered by poor cycle stability and rate capability caused by low electronic conductivity of sulfur and dissolution of intermediate polysulfides.