Zi Wei Chang

Abstract The development of mRNA vaccines has significantly advanced global health during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, translating effective vaccine doses from preclinical animal models to human clinical use remains poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated antibody responses and repertoire diversity across different BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine doses in mice, while comparing the results with human data through mathematical modeling.

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1 Introduction The global outbreak of COVID-19 has sparked an unprecedented development of lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-formulated mRNA vaccines to combat SARS-CoV-2, such as BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna).[1] Currently, most COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in use or under clinical trials are intended for intramuscular administration, which predominantly evokes systemic immunity but not mucosal immunity.