Zihe Xu

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1. Introduction Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is a highly sensitive and specific detection technique, widely used in capillary electrophoresis (CE) [1,2,3], flow cytometry [4,5], and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) [6,7].

Cryoelectron tomography (cryo-ET) has become an indispensable technology for visualizing in situ biological ultrastructures, where the tilt series alignment is the key step to obtain a high-resolution three-dimensional reconstruction. Specifically, with the advent of high-throughput cryo-ET data collection, there is an increasing demand for high-accuracy and fully automatic tilt series alignment, to enable efficient data processing.