Zixi Yu

Abstract Homogenizing the upper surface through posttreatment has made great progress in perovskite solar cells. In contrast to the exposed surface, there are no practical remedies if imperfections form randomly at the hidden buried interface after perovskite film generation. Here, we reveal a severe distribution of residual lead iodide, voids, and grain-surface concavities at the buried interface, which severely trap carriers in inactive regions.

In this Letter, we present a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach for recovering objects directly from the Fraunhofer diffraction integral, where the diffraction field of an object is approximated by the Fourier transform of this object augmented by an additional phase factor. This phase factor at the observation plane is universal for the diffraction fields generated by objects located at the same plane and illuminated by the same monochromatic plane wave.